Friday, December 27, 2019
Family Members an Anxiety Disorder - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 884 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Living with a family member who has an anxiety disorder can be a challenge in itself. Many times, family members will focus all their support to the adolescent with the disorder and consequently neglecting other members of the household, leading to resentment or feelings of rejection. Often parents will develop a sense of guilt or blame themselves, and wonder if they had a part to play in the development of the disorder. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Members an Anxiety Disorder" essay for you Create order Research suggests that family boundaries are reevaluated when a family member is struggling with an anxiety disorder (Dikec, Ergun Gumus, 2018). For example, an adolescent with severe panic attacks is unlikely to care for themselves and other family members may in turn accumulate additional responsibilities in the home. When the change in responsibilities occur in an unnegotiated manner, this can cause strain in the form of stress, tension and further resentment (Dikec, Ergun Gumus, 2018). There are two common approaches families take to help cope when their adolescent develops anxiety: the overbearing, intrusive parent or the uninvolved, get over it parent. Very rarely does a supportive and empathetic family who is supportive of treatment come along. The majority of the time, families who are open to treatment usually identify as White American; they will seek treatment and expect the therapist to fix their child. These families are cooperative yet not involved in treatment. Contrary to the overbearing family, the get over it family, commonly linked to Hispanic Americans and African Americans, rejects the idea that the adolescent has developed the disorder and acknowledges the symptoms as a phase (Bettis et al., 2018). Evidence-Based Intervention There are numerous Evidenced-Based Interventions such as Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT), acceptance commitment therapy (ACT), and exposure therapy that help reduce symptoms of anxiety disorders. However, research has demonstrated that despite the newly integrated evidenced based practices, individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), has proven to be one of the most effective treatments not only in treating the symptoms but addressing the underlying reasons for the excessive fears (Sheets et al., 2013). Cognitive Behavioral Theory suggests that our cognition (how we think) affects how we feel and in turn affecting our behavior which then impacts our thoughts, creating a never-ending cycle if left unaddressed. The psycho-social intervention aims at addressing all three components to reduce the maladaptive behaviors the youth have engaged in to reduce their thoughts. CBT is individually tailored to the adolescents needs and can be utilized across cultures (Alegria, Atkins, Fa rmer, Slaton, Stelk, 2010). The long-established therapeutic approach is the most widely used treatment for individuals with anxiety disorders (Thompson, May, Whiting, 2013). Challenging cognitive distortions is CBTs key component in reducing maladaptive behaviors. The name itself suggest two vital elements: cognitive, which focuses on how negative thoughts induce anxiety, and behavioral which focuses on the behavior the youth engages in when in an anxious situation. Family upbringing, attitudes, individual expectations and beliefs all influence thoughts thus the same situation can lead to completely different cognitive distortions in different people. The main objective of CBT is to recognize thought distortions and challenge them, ultimately replacing them with accurate thoughts. This process is also known as cognitive restructuring. Cognitive restructuring involves three key steps. The first step is to identify the pattern of negative thoughts. Once the negative thoughts are identified, the second step requires challenging the distortions by questioning the evidence which involves past experiences and weighing the pros and cons. Lastly, once the irrational thoughts are challenged the final step is to replace them with accurate and realistic thoughts. By changing the thought process, we can change the negative emotions associated with those thoughts and eventually reducing the avoidance behaviors (Young, et al, 2012). Although cognitive restructuring is a critical component, CBT improved emotional regulation by implementing mindfulness techniques and developing coping strategies that target anxious symptoms (Young et al., 2012). CBTs strengths lie within the therapeutic approachs ability to be researched and measured for effectiveness. Despite its structured sessions, its flexibility in approach allows for the evidenced based practice to be implemented across different cultures, races, ethnicities, social classes and identified gender. Its limitations focus on whether the negative thoughts are a result of the anxiety rather than the cause (Wong et al., 2018). Aside from the cause, the CBT approach is narrow minded as it concentrates on cognition and ignores other factors such as family influence (Wong et al., 2018). There are over four decades of research that provide support for the effectiveness of CBT among adolescent youth struggling with anxiety (Cohen, Mannarino, Deblinger, 2012). The extensive clinical studies all conclude that the integrative technique is the gold standard of treatment for mental health disorders. Meta-analysis conclude that CBT interventions have the lowest relapse rates of any psychological treatment. Even the new evidenced-based interventions designed to target anxiety are CBT based approaches (Cohen, Mannarino, Deblinger, 2012). Pedro Garcia Pedro, a 19-year-old identified male, was referred by his county clinician after developing symptoms of agoraphobia. Approximately 3 months ago, Pedros panic attacks increased from his normal frequency which resulted in an inability to work, inability to continue college and impaired his interpersonal relationships. Pedro received and ACE score of 9. Biological Despite the various physical examinations, Sebastians anxious symptoms are not linked to a physical illness. Pedro is physically healthy emerging adult with no history of illness aside from the occasional flu.
Thursday, December 19, 2019
Video Game Addiction Is A Modern Day Psychological Disorder
Iââ¬â¢m glad that my childhood was spent bruising the football with a kick or smashing the tennis ball with a hit rather than virtually engaged in bloodshed .Sometimes it occurs to me that now-a-days if a mother ask her son to play outside , he would probably carry his laptop out there and play games therein. Yes, one would readily agree to the current scenario of increasing teenagers falling into the prey of gaming addiction. Sometimes I ponder if the same excitement, the same joy is inherited by their minds on slitting his virtual enemyââ¬â¢s throat, which we derived by scoring a goal or hitting a six in midst of the heat of the game. Video games are a common entertainment tool among todayââ¬â¢s children. Gaming has grown into a lucrative industry that attracts billions of children and adults seeking for the thrill and action that comes with playing a game either online, on a handheld device or on the television. Video game addiction is a modern-day psychological disorder that is becoming more and more popular and thus more and more a problem. Video games addiction is increasingly taking toll over young people, teens, young adults and even older adults and as a result individuals is suffering from want for important priorities such as caring for themselves, performing school or homework or socializing with others. Some studies suggest that gaming is absolutely taking over the minds of children all together. Gaming can turn into an addiction when it turns out to be an individualââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedVideo Game Reduces Social Anxiety901 Words à |à 4 PagesVideo Game Reduces Social Anxiety Whether it is in a real world or cyber space, meeting people seems to be an almost inevitable part of modern daily life. Meeting or interacting with new people can be stressful. 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Itââ¬â¢s only natural that people would become more and more immersed in them, and Many gamers will claim that videogames are not addictive, and evenRead MoreThe Long Term Trajectory Of Problem Gaming Symptoms Among Adult Regular Video Gamers1511 Words à |à 7 PagesAn epidemic is beginning to sweep this nation. In this modern society, a majority of children, teens, and some adults are showing signs of what some experts refer to as video game addiction. Many professionals have differing opinions on the addictive nature of video games, but it does not take an expert to see that children are no longer playing outside, toddlers have learned how to operate pieces of technology that are challenging to some adults and cry when they are taken away from them, and someRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children873 Words à |à 4 PagesEffects of Video Games My friend, 33-year-old from Mumbai city was addicted to online 3D fantasy-themed role-playing game. He sacrificed everything so he could play for hours, ignoring his family, quitting his job and losing himself in a 3-D virtual world where more than 100,000 people worldwide adventure in a never-ending fantasy. On Diwali morning few years back, he hung himself to death at his apartment. His mother blames the game for her son s suicide. She is angry that the company, which ownsRead MoreEssay on Media Addiction1228 Words à |à 5 PagesMedia Screen Addiction Definitional Argument Essay When most people think of addiction, they think of crack heads and alcoholics. Although those are the most common types of addiction, there are also more unusual things. Addiction is a psychological and bodily dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond voluntary control. In a sense, every person has a form of addiction. Weather to caffeine, or food, or cleaning, they are all small kinds of addiction. One addiction that is spreadingRead MoreCell Phone Addiction in Ncba College Student1123 Words à |à 5 PagesCELL PHONE ADDICTION IN NCBA COLLEGE STUDENT A Research Paper Presented to Prof. Zenaida T. Miranda National College of Business and Arts Fairview, Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for English 2 ( 9:30-10:30 MWF ) 2nd Semester 2007-2008 By: ________________________ Linn Dantlhee E. Estopace B.S.Accountancy March 7, 2008 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cell phones in the country have not only broadened communications and introduced new and faster lifestylesRead MoreEffects of Computer Games in Students3968 Words à |à 16 PagesCOMPUTER GAMES Proponents: Jay Andrew Nagutom Rey Gerald Manguera Mario Custan Mark Tranquillo [pic][pic][pic][pic] Marinduque State College School of Information and Computing Science Society and Culture CHAPTER I Introduction In modern society, it is very common playing computer games. Even though computer games are common in our life, they have not only good effects, but also bad effects, especially to teenagers. Moreover, even though parents know that teenagers play computer games too muchRead MoreThe Effects of Video and Video Games on Children2043 Words à |à 8 PagesThe process of animation can be defined as a series of drawings, photographs, or images constructed in a computer program in order to form a scene or action, usually in a cartoon, movie, or video game. For many of us, Disney is where we refer back to early forms of animation with the idea of using thousands of consecutive drawings; through Disney, we can now see how far this idea of breathing life into static objects has advanced. Today, animation is becoming more and more realistic. With highlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Teenagers1776 Words à |à 8 PagesProfessor Anna C. Morrison English 100 14 May 2017 Negative Effects of Video Games on Teenagers I. Introduction a. Hook: Video games have developed with electronic technologies in this century and have been welcomed by the general public including children and teenagers. Today 97 percent of teenagers in the United States play video games every day as they want to relax and sales of games are growing. b. Thesis: Although video games are used for entertainment purposes, they have had many negative effectsRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Society2274 Words à |à 10 Pages Video Games often receive a lot of bad press; this is because they are so easy to blame for the wrong doings by many individuals; but do video games really negatively impact society? The rapid development of computer games is having a massive impact on society; the effects can be seen as both positive and negative; one thing is certain- that the impact is greatly increasing as gaming technology improves and games get more immersive/realistic. Parental Concerns: The realism of these games are
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Donna Lewis - Now In A Minute free essay sample
Donna Lewis album, Now in a Minute, will be enjoyed by all music lovers, no matter what music they listen to. Many have heard her songs and dont even realize it. Her debut song is I Love You (Always Forever). Her songs create relaxation after a long and trying day. Her song, Fall in the Snow, makes a person think. It is mainly about being isolated and how being in freezing snow could never be as bad as silence. For those who dont like offensive language, this compact disc will not be a problem. Donna Lewis does not use any profanity or vulgar phrases that would cause a devaluation of opinions for her and her music. None of her songs are just words jumbled together. Donnas songs all have a story and a theme behind them, unlike other great artists of today. Lewis songs are beautiful for a few reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Donna Lewis Now In A Minute or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first is her perfect voice, especially the way she hits the high notes. She always knows the exact time to hit the high and low notes. Her lyrics are touching, especially in the song Icing, which is about how her loved one has gone to heaven. It states, If I could open the heavens above, Id be with you and hold you in my arms and Id tell you that I love you. I think she has a love for song and melody unlike any other. Anyone who enjoys a calm melody to soothe the nerves should definitely listen to this album. I would rate it a 3.9 and acceptable for all ages.
Tuesday, December 3, 2019
Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay Example
Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay In every reading lesson, there are various ways in which a teacher measures the level of comprehension. Some of the guidelines used in measurement are automaticity and fluency. Automaticity is the way in which a learner develops the unconscious speed after being fluent. In this process, he is able to understand more, other than focusing on reading of vocabulary only. This paper will discuss the two concepts with a clear description of a theoretical analysis on automaticity. There are very many reasons why the two concepts are measured, which will also be brought out clearly in the essay. Additionally, the importance of fluency and automaticity is also revealed. It is therefore very necessary for teachers and students to understand that the two concepts are very beneficial for every learner so that they can comprehend more difficult work as they progress in learning. Otherwise, there would be a lot of problems in relation to learning as they progress to higher grades, and even at the college level, since they lacked proper orientation and foundation. Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Introduction In any classroom context, especially for young learners, it is necessary for the teacher to ensure that all the students develop the skills of fluency and automacity in all subjects. The academic performance of a child will only be good if the child has good skills in reading. Therefore, the teachers are always keen on measuring the level of fluency and automacity in the children they teach using various methods. This research paper seeks to discuss why fluency and automacity should be measured. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Automacity and fluency The words automacity and fluency are intertwined. However, they are defined differently. Automacity is a process which is defined asââ¬Å"quick, correct and effortless word recognition at the single word level. It is also defined as the ability to perform a task without significant demands on attentionâ⬠(Philips, 2008). Automaticity comes form the word automotize, which basically means ââ¬Ëautomatic or unconsciouslyâ⬠(Miguel, 2008). On the other hand, fluency, or fluent reading is a process which is described as ââ¬Å"the link between decoding and comprehensionâ⬠(Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). It is a process which gives all learners the ability to move from monotonous and difficult reading to a kind of reading described as expressive and smooth. It is also defined as an automatic and accurate way of recognizing words, in addition to the proper use of prosody (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). Fluency and automaticity are very important elements in all subjects. In language, there are several important skills, which include reading, writing, listening and speaking. The most important skill, which is in fact the opener to the other three, is reading. Since a student is required to know how to read in order to interpret comprehensions and understand all the other subjects, it is important for the teachers to emphasize on the skill. The recognition of the automatic word enables the reader to be attentive to all written texts. As a student begins to read, there is so much attention which is put on the exercise. With time, the ability of the learner in reading becomes automatic, and as a result, his or her attention lessens. This is described as ââ¬Å"freeing up of cognitive resources for the construction of meaningâ⬠(Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). According to NIFL (2007), learners at the beginning and intermediate level are generally slow readers, but they increase their reading speed as they advance. Non- native speakers of a certain language and adults in the literacy classes also have the same characteristics. The only way that the students can be helped to move from intentional, slow decoding to the word recognition level is through constant practice. Practice is very beneficial as it enables learners to have the wide exposure in printing (alphabetic), makes work easier for the learners and the students get to learn any form of written work whether phonologically, orthographically and morphologically presented (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). All the same, development of automaticity is not the endpoint of the reading process. It is not the only way that measurement can take place. Once all reading cycles begin, there should be fluency developed, and the learners should also be shown how to apply the skills they have learnt. Additionally, the learners should also been made aware of the need to use the skills learnt and therefore should be encouraged in monitoring of the skills (Wifischer, Holmes Yang, 2007). Theoretical discussion on automaticity The automatist theorists state that attention is very vital in any form of automatic information processing. Attention consists of external and internal. Internal attention is abstract and cannot be observed directly. It has three major properties, selectivity, alertness and limited capacity (Philips, 2008).On the other hand, external attention is revealed by the attitude of the readers through all senses. This is discussed in a model referred to as the La Berge Samuel model. The theory suggests that if too much energy is spent on easy tasks like decoding, there will be very minimal energy for giving the comprehension. Additionally, meaning must be derived, as there must be printed words which are decoded. As reader becomes fluent, he or she requires very little attention so as to decode words. Therefore, they only require putting much focus on comprehension of the text (Philips, 2008). Reasons of measuring automaticity and fluency One of the reasons why the two concepts are measured is to ensure that the learners have the ability of reading words in all texts so that all the readers can direct all their few cognitive resources from just recognizing words, and use them also in reading and understanding of all comprehensions. Word recognition is measured initially through prosodic or expressive reading, which is commonly known ad the melodic reading. In this case, the learners try to make out the meaning of words through their voices. In silent reading, however, the meaning of all texts is also revealed by the manner in which the words are read, with phrasing, expression, different pace, stressing some words through making some dramatic pauses. In the long run, the learner develops fluency and automaticity (Rasinski Griffith, 2008). The other reason why automaticity and fluency is measured in learners is to model the students so that they can be braced to face the curriculum introduced to them in future. This begins by ensuring that the learners are fluent readers. So as to mould good fluency skills, the teacher first reads a text loudly in class as the learners follow. The teacher also asks them to follow the teachersââ¬â¢ voice, and even assigns some if the reading tasks to the parents so that they can assist their children at home. The teachers are also instrumental as he or she helps the learner to realize that learning is not only a matter of reading fast, but reading expressively through listening to the teachers directions (Rasinski Griffith, 2008).The reading process of a learner who is not well oriented to the concept of fluency and automatization is characterized by halting, inappropriate expressions, oral speech problems and several decoding errors (Fink Samuels, 2008). It is also important to measure fluency and automaticity in learners because the teacher is able to identify any learner who could be having eyesight problems. Therefore, the learner with the eyesight problem can be referred to an eye specialist as early as possible. Children with eye problems tend to struggle so much when reading. According to Getz, (2008), using the ââ¬ËSnellen eye chart testââ¬â¢ is not a good way of testing any visual activity. Once it happens, the teachers and parents get a false notion that the child is fit for learning. However, it is through reading that the child is able to assess whether the child has got any form of visual interference. There would be maximum development of the childââ¬â¢s potential if at all the visual pathways of the child are interfered with. Brain-based research reveals all the neurological reasons why the development of automaticity is so vital in all learning processes. There are very many clinical trials in several computer-based interventions which reveal the real world classroom results. The studies have revealed that the brain is ââ¬Å"a limited control processor that isnââ¬â¢t capable of efficiently managing both fixed knowledge processing and higher order reasoning at onceâ⬠(Auto Skill, 2009). Therefore, by automatizing knowledge which is fixed, for example decoding of letters, the students can focus on a high level of reasoning and comprehension. When automaticity continues developing, the processes of the brain also continue advancing. There are also ninety percent reductions in the activities of the cortex (Auto Skill, 2009). Learners who have good mathematics skills could probably have been exposed to very good fluency and automaticity orientation. This is because they learn how to decide information at a faster rate compared to those who have problems in fluency and automaticity. Therefore According to Auto Skill, (2009), development of mathematics skills is also measured by the students laying necessary work so as to attain all their academic goals. The core of fluency is in the automaticity concept, and it is also meaningful in mathematics. According to Teacher to Teacher (2010), teachers provide a great deal of practice so as to make sure that there is computational fluency Automaticity is generally derived from over-learning. This is usually through the process of repeated drilling and practice. This has got very many implications in the classrooms of students who are learning English as a second language, and all other subjects. For effective fluency and automatization, the teacher is supposed to give information from the general to specific, known to unknown, simple to complex. This is what is referred to as bottom ââ¬âup processing (Miguel, 2008). Conclusion From the discussion, fluency and automaticity are very important terms in education of the learners. Once fluency is developed through the help of a teacher, automaticity develops unconsciously. It is therefore very important for all teachers to ensure that their learners have good automaticity and fluent skills so that they can perform well in their class work. Otherwise, the learners will always have problems in learning. Learners who have problems should get the right assistance from their teachers. They should be referred to specialists if at all they have problems in their academics, so that the problems might not become worse in future. Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay Example Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Essay In every reading lesson, there are various ways in which a teacher measures the level of comprehension. Some of the guidelines used in measurement are automaticity and fluency. Automaticity is the way in which a learner develops the unconscious speed after being fluent. In this process, he is able to understand more, other than focusing on reading of vocabulary only. This paper will discuss the two concepts with a clear description of a theoretical analysis on automaticity. There are very many reasons why the two concepts are measured, which will also be brought out clearly in the essay. Additionally, the importance of fluency and automaticity is also revealed. It is therefore very necessary for teachers and students to understand that the two concepts are very beneficial for every learner so that they can comprehend more difficult work as they progress in learning. Otherwise, there would be a lot of problems in relation to learning as they progress to higher grades, and even at the college level, since they lacked proper orientation and foundation. Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education Introduction In any classroom context, especially for young learners, it is necessary for the teacher to ensure that all the students develop the skills of fluency and automacity in all subjects. The academic performance of a child will only be good if the child has good skills in reading. Therefore, the teachers are always keen on measuring the level of fluency and automacity in the children they teach using various methods. This research paper seeks to discuss why fluency and automacity should be measured. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Automacity and Fluency is measured in education specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Automacity and fluency The words automacity and fluency are intertwined. However, they are defined differently. Automacity is a process which is defined asââ¬Å"quick, correct and effortless word recognition at the single word level. It is also defined as the ability to perform a task without significant demands on attentionâ⬠(Philips, 2008). Automaticity comes form the word automotize, which basically means ââ¬Ëautomatic or unconsciouslyâ⬠(Miguel, 2008). On the other hand, fluency, or fluent reading is a process which is described as ââ¬Å"the link between decoding and comprehensionâ⬠(Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). It is a process which gives all learners the ability to move from monotonous and difficult reading to a kind of reading described as expressive and smooth. It is also defined as an automatic and accurate way of recognizing words, in addition to the proper use of prosody (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). Fluency and automaticity are very important elements in all subjects. In language, there are several important skills, which include reading, writing, listening and speaking. The most important skill, which is in fact the opener to the other three, is reading. Since a student is required to know how to read in order to interpret comprehensions and understand all the other subjects, it is important for the teachers to emphasize on the skill. The recognition of the automatic word enables the reader to be attentive to all written texts. As a student begins to read, there is so much attention which is put on the exercise. With time, the ability of the learner in reading becomes automatic, and as a result, his or her attention lessens. This is described as ââ¬Å"freeing up of cognitive resources for the construction of meaningâ⬠(Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). According to NIFL (2007), learners at the beginning and intermediate level are generally slow readers, but they increase their reading speed as they advance. Non- native speakers of a certain language and adults in the literacy classes also have the same characteristics. The only way that the students can be helped to move from intentional, slow decoding to the word recognition level is through constant practice. Practice is very beneficial as it enables learners to have the wide exposure in printing (alphabetic), makes work easier for the learners and the students get to learn any form of written work whether phonologically, orthographically and morphologically presented (Morrow, Rueda, Lapp Gordon, 2009). All the same, development of automaticity is not the endpoint of the reading process. It is not the only way that measurement can take place. Once all reading cycles begin, there should be fluency developed, and the learners should also be shown how to apply the skills they have learnt. Additionally, the learners should also been made aware of the need to use the skills learnt and therefore should be encouraged in monitoring of the skills (Wifischer, Holmes Yang, 2007). Theoretical discussion on automaticity The automatist theorists state that attention is very vital in any form of automatic information processing. Attention consists of external and internal. Internal attention is abstract and cannot be observed directly. It has three major properties, selectivity, alertness and limited capacity (Philips, 2008).On the other hand, external attention is revealed by the attitude of the readers through all senses. This is discussed in a model referred to as the La Berge Samuel model. The theory suggests that if too much energy is spent on easy tasks like decoding, there will be very minimal energy for giving the comprehension. Additionally, meaning must be derived, as there must be printed words which are decoded. As reader becomes fluent, he or she requires very little attention so as to decode words. Therefore, they only require putting much focus on comprehension of the text (Philips, 2008). Reasons of measuring automaticity and fluency One of the reasons why the two concepts are measured is to ensure that the learners have the ability of reading words in all texts so that all the readers can direct all their few cognitive resources from just recognizing words, and use them also in reading and understanding of all comprehensions. Word recognition is measured initially through prosodic or expressive reading, which is commonly known ad the melodic reading. In this case, the learners try to make out the meaning of words through their voices. In silent reading, however, the meaning of all texts is also revealed by the manner in which the words are read, with phrasing, expression, different pace, stressing some words through making some dramatic pauses. In the long run, the learner develops fluency and automaticity (Rasinski Griffith, 2008). The other reason why automaticity and fluency is measured in learners is to model the students so that they can be braced to face the curriculum introduced to them in future. This begins by ensuring that the learners are fluent readers. So as to mould good fluency skills, the teacher first reads a text loudly in class as the learners follow. The teacher also asks them to follow the teachersââ¬â¢ voice, and even assigns some if the reading tasks to the parents so that they can assist their children at home. The teachers are also instrumental as he or she helps the learner to realize that learning is not only a matter of reading fast, but reading expressively through listening to the teachers directions (Rasinski Griffith, 2008).The reading process of a learner who is not well oriented to the concept of fluency and automatization is characterized by halting, inappropriate expressions, oral speech problems and several decoding errors (Fink Samuels, 2008). It is also important to measure fluency and automaticity in learners because the teacher is able to identify any learner who could be having eyesight problems. Therefore, the learner with the eyesight problem can be referred to an eye specialist as early as possible. Children with eye problems tend to struggle so much when reading. According to Getz, (2008), using the ââ¬ËSnellen eye chart testââ¬â¢ is not a good way of testing any visual activity. Once it happens, the teachers and parents get a false notion that the child is fit for learning. However, it is through reading that the child is able to assess whether the child has got any form of visual interference. There would be maximum development of the childââ¬â¢s potential if at all the visual pathways of the child are interfered with. Brain-based research reveals all the neurological reasons why the development of automaticity is so vital in all learning processes. There are very many clinical trials in several computer-based interventions which reveal the real world classroom results. The studies have revealed that the brain is ââ¬Å"a limited control processor that isnââ¬â¢t capable of efficiently managing both fixed knowledge processing and higher order reasoning at onceâ⬠(Auto Skill, 2009). Therefore, by automatizing knowledge which is fixed, for example decoding of letters, the students can focus on a high level of reasoning and comprehension. When automaticity continues developing, the processes of the brain also continue advancing. There are also ninety percent reductions in the activities of the cortex (Auto Skill, 2009). Learners who have good mathematics skills could probably have been exposed to very good fluency and automaticity orientation. This is because they learn how to decide information at a faster rate compared to those who have problems in fluency and automaticity. Therefore According to Auto Skill, (2009), development of mathematics skills is also measured by the students laying necessary work so as to attain all their academic goals. The core of fluency is in the automaticity concept, and it is also meaningful in mathematics. According to Teacher to Teacher (2010), teachers provide a great deal of practice so as to make sure that there is computational fluency Automaticity is generally derived from over-learning. This is usually through the process of repeated drilling and practice. This has got very many implications in the classrooms of students who are learning English as a second language, and all other subjects. For effective fluency and automatization, the teacher is supposed to give information from the general to specific, known to unknown, simple to complex. This is what is referred to as bottom ââ¬âup processing (Miguel, 2008). Conclusion From the discussion, fluency and automaticity are very important terms in education of the learners. Once fluency is developed through the help of a teacher, automaticity develops unconsciously. It is therefore very important for all teachers to ensure that their learners have good automaticity and fluent skills so that they can perform well in their class work. Otherwise, the learners will always have problems in learning. Learners who have problems should get the right assistance from their teachers. They should be referred to specialists if at all they have problems in their academics, so that the problems might not become worse in future.
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