Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay There are four theoretical approaches to the metaphysics and they include Dualism and the theory that what exists on can do so on two levels the physical or the mental. The next approach is Materialism which theorizes that everything exists on a physical level. Then there is the Idealism approach which states that everything that exists is mental or spiritual. Finally, there is Alternative Views which theorizes that what exists in neither mental nor spiritual but believed that what exists is both, which means that what exists is neutral. In the Materialism theory of metaphysics it is said that everything is made of some kind of structure that are now called atoms. These atoms are governed entirely by physical laws and are thought to make up everything that we know and see. There were and are still many men in the scientific community that feel this way, but the most pronounced one was named Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes implied â€Å"clearly that all things are made of material particles and that all change reduces to motion. † (cite) His theory states that everything is matter in motion to include an individual’s thought process. Hobbes goes into detail about how this process works and called it perception or sense. His way of describing it is the fact that things have different properties and that the properties do not really exist. The properties of an object are based on what we perceive them to be. We perceive a rose to be beautiful, smell nice, and have red pedals. Those properties according to Hobbes are all based on perception and the rose does not actually have any of these traits. â€Å"The things that really are in the world outside us are those motions by which these seemings are caused. (cite) Hobbes describes perception as motion from the outside effects the motion of the inside of a person. The motion on the outside affected the motion on the inside and leaves a lasting effect after the motion is complete or dispersed then the motion that remains behind on the inside is left as a memory. The motion that is still on the inside is a perception and in turn is the root cause for thinking, imagination, and memory. As humans we describe this reaction by assigning words to these perceptions and Hobbes labeled that as reasoning. The way that people reason is nothing sort of â€Å"adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names. † (cite) The easiest way that this can be explained would be to refer it to a computer. The hard drive is considered as the movement on the inside and the keyboard and mouse as the outside. The hard drive is made up of a disk and magnet and works by taking the disc and spinning is around at a rapid pace. Next the magnet is moved around to encode the data to the hard drive. This whole process is done through movement and if stationary there is nothing that can be done to retrieve or store information. First to store or retrieve information an external source of movement needs to happen. Movement from the outside was represented as a keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse which is movement from the outside affects the hard drive which is the movement from the inside and vice versa. Now that movement has been represented the reasoning of information needs to be considered. Now we understand what movement effect movement means we can now address the fact of reasoning and perception. All of the information that the computer takes in needs to go somewhere and needs to be retrieved again. The computer makes sense of all the data by assigning numbers to all of the data so that it can be retrieved again. This aspect would be considered our perception which is reasoning which as Hobbes stated before is our thinking, memory, and imagination. Now some people would argue that Hobbes theory does not take into accounts decision making and other voluntary actions, but he does go into detail about how that process works. Hobbes addresses the finer points of the decision process by stating that every decision or movement starts of as an â€Å"endeavor† which was caused by perception. He then breaks it down even into two groups consisting of desire and aversion. When the endeavor is toward something then it is considered a desire and when it is away it is considered an aversion. We associate desire and aversion with words like love and hate or good and bad. So according to Hobbes the basic principle of our decision making is like a magnet. Let’s look at the magnet that is in the computer and affects the hard drive. Sometimes data can be corrupted and the information will not take to the hard drive. The process of corrupt data being entered from the outside can be considered as an aversion. Now any information that the system lets in can be considers as desire. If that did not make sense then lets look at a magnet in general. A magnet has a positive and a negative side. Anything that is attracted to the positive side can be considered a desire and anything that is repelled by the negative side can be considered an aversion. In the recent years there has been some advancements in technology that allows us to uncover the mysteries of the universe. Scientists have found matter that is smaller than atoms and they are calling them subatomic particles. It has been discovered that these particles make up every aspect of the universe and are comprised of some type of energy that is connected with everything else. After this discovery a lot of scientists are rattled about their theory and if Materialism is really the right type of metaphysical theory to go with. However, this does not completely rule this theory out it just seems like that needs to some changes or tweaks to the way that we think about Materialism.

HIV / AIDS among Kenyan Youth :: HIV in Africa

In 2001, Sub-Saharan Africa recorded the highest number of deaths from HIV/AIDS, with 29.4 million people living with AIDS; 10 million young people and 3 million children. Among these, 12.2 million were women and 10.1 million men. In 2002, 3.5 million new infections were reported. From this backdrop, Kenyans were interviewed on their perceptions of sex and condom use within heterosexual relationships revealing that denial and silence played a major role in the escalation of the pandemic while gender differences, culture and power were perceived as negatively impacting negotiation of sex and condom use within Kenyan communities. Kagutui ka mucie gatihakagwo ageni. (The secrets of one’s home are not to be revealed to strangers) - Gikuyu proverb AIDS was a disease that shines in hush and thrives on secrecy. It was prospering because people were choosing not to talk about it. It was this realization that provoked me to go wider, beyond my personal circle, beyond the people I worked with. The quieter we keep it the more people it will affect and stigmatize, especially while people believe that AIDS affects some people and not others (Kaleeba 29). This article is based on semi structured interviews with four Kenyan men and women on how they perceive, and negotiate sex and condom use within heterosexual relationships. It focuses on gender, culture and power, and how these dynamics are projected, if at all, in participants’ negotiation of sexual relationships within the Kenyan community. The purpose of the study is to understand the relationship between gender, power and HIV/AIDS prevention. Sub-Saharan Africa has recently recorded the highest incidences of death from HIV/AIDS with a total of 29.4 million people living with the disease. Among these, ten million are young people aged fifteen to twenty four while three million are children under the age of fifteen. In the year 2002, 3.5 million new infections were reported (UNAIDS 2). One reason for this seemingly recent rise in the number of infections is the result of years of denial and silence about the existence of HIV/AIDS. Recent statistics indicate that Botswana’s adult prevalence Sex, HIV/AIDS and Silence 45 rate for example, has peaked to 38.8 %, Lesotho 31%, Swaziland 33.4% and Zimbabwe 33.7%. In total, Africa experiences 6,000 AIDS related deaths per day and Kenya, 18 deaths per hour (UNAIDS 3). Researchers, educators and governments now suggest the need [for] culturally sensitive knowledge of sexual beliefs and practices as a way forward to understanding and evaluating patterns of HIV/AIDS transmission in different communities, in view of designing effective intervention programs (Lansky 3). This paper focuses on a study of culture and HIV/AIDS, and what effects gender differences and power might be having on HIV/AIDS

Disaster recovery training

It is almost inevitable that at some point, a business or organization will experience a serious calamity that may hinder it from carrying out its normal day to day business operations. Such calamities may include computer malfunctioning, accidents, floods, fires, grievous acts, among others. When disaster strikes, it is important for the organization to have a proper disaster recovery plan that will help the business significantly reduce the losses incurred and recover within a short time frame.For this reason, this organization has set up a talented disaster recovery planning team which will cater for such eventualities. However, even as the expertise of the team cannot be questioned, it is still important for the members to undergo disaster recovery training from a credible third party and be properly certified so as to provide our company with the international best practices and recommendations for the implementation of disaster recovery as well as business continuity. Offering Disaster recovery training to our team will also help prevent our organization from â€Å"reinventing the wheel† (Thejendra, 2008).There are several organizations that provide consultancy and training in Disaster Recovery practices but it is important to choose carefully, those who will train our disaster recovery team so as to achieve the best possible training and exposure. The choice is to a large extent, dependent on their Disaster Recovery certification and relevant experience in this field. Based on these requirements, the following are five possible sources that can adequately train our disaster recovery planning team. They include professional training organizations and academic options. DRI internationalDRI is an acronym for the Disaster Recovery Institute and is a reputable international organization which provides training and certification on disaster recovery and business continuity. The training courses that it offers range from basic to advanced levels and its certification programs are aimed towards helping an organization to maintain its professional level of competence even in the midst of calamity. If contracted, DRI will help our planning team learn how to develop a business continuity management program and come up with proper resilience strategies to overcome disasters in the shortest time frame possible.The training offered by DRI international is quite comprehensive and covers each career level therefore members of our DR planning team can grow and improve their knowledge as they progress up the career ladder (â€Å"DRI International†, 2009). The professional certification is given in five different levels starting from entry level to more advanced levels. The entry level certification training is the Associate Business Continuity Professional (ABCP) which will support our team members who have less than two years experience in this field.The second certification level is the Certified Business Continuity Vendor (CBCV) whi ch is offered to those with more than two years experience and who demonstrate knowledge of the DRI professional practices. Another certification level is the Certified Functional Continuity Professional (CFCP) level which is open for those who demonstrate knowledge, have more than two years working experience and have practical experience in at least three professional practices subject areas.The Certified Business Continuity Professional is offered to those who have practical experience in at least five professional practice subject areas and the Master Business Continuity Professional (MBCP) will cater for those who have more than five years working experience and have practical experience in at least seven professional practices subject areas. DRII certification is internationally recognized meaning that our team will get the best possible Disaster Recovery training and apply it to our organization (DRI International, 2009). Business continuity instituteThe Business Continuity i nstitute (BCI) is an internationally recognized organization that offers training on business continuity. It was started in 1994 with the aim of helping its members to get guidance on proper management of business continuity. This institute offers training and certification on business continuity management through a program known as the BCI professional recognition program. This program is aimed at helping organizations to identify any potential threats to their business and achieve resilience so that they can respond effectively and safeguard their business when disaster strikes.Some of the skills imparted by BCI training include business resilience as well as recovery strategies, business continuity plans and strategies for risk management. (Business Continuity Institute, 2009). Training with BCI can be very beneficial to our organization especially due to its international status. The BCI professional recognition program is a benchmark for assessing best practice and has encoura ged the improvement of business enhancing skills. Our disaster recovery planning team can therefore greatly benefit from the high quality training which this institute is capable of providing.BCI certification is based on the Certification standards for Business Continuity Professionals which are internationally recognized standards of disaster recovery and were published in conjunction with DRI international. Thus BCI certification is internationally recognized and its prestigious status will boost our organization’s credibility and portray us a competent enough to carry out business continuity practices consistently and to a very high professional standards (Business Continuity Institute, 2009). International Consortium for Organizational ResilienceThis is another international organization that offers training on disaster recovery and business continuity. It offers professional certifications through several certification programs that have been tailor made to suit each ca reer level. ICOR courses are offered at the ICOR University and include ten disciplines, among them, Business Continuity Management, Risk Management and Insurance, social resilience and crisis management and communication. The CORA Associate certification program is for entry level professionals and is offered even to those with no work experience.The CORS Specialist certification level is given to those with a minimum of three years work experience and who have a certification in one discipline from ICOR University. CORM manager is a more advanced certification level and for those with more than five years work experience and certifications in at least two disciplines from ICOR University. CORP Professional ICOR certification requires more than seven years work experience and certifications in four disciplines from ICOR University.Finally, CORE executive certification program is for those with more than ten years working experience and certifications from six disciplines in ICOR Un iversity. The credentialing program from ICOR is designed to help students to progress as professionals (The ICOR, 2009). The main aim of ICOR is to empower the professionals who are in charge of business continuity planning with skills that will enable them to come up with adequate resilience strategies for their businesses. If our team trains at ICOR, they will have the benefit of interacting with other professionals making their learning more meaningful.ICOR is also recognized worldwide as offering resilience solutions to organizations therefore if we gain corporate membership, our team will be able to access quite a number of benefits. Some of these advantages include interacting with professionals, having unlimited access to the ICOR library so they can read widely on the subject and have unlimited access to a wide variety of resources. As members, they will undergo thorough training and certification at a lower cost. They can attend professional conferences and constantly be u pdated on what is going on in this field.These benefits will be translated to the organization in from of improved business continuity practices as they apply what they have learnt (The ICOR, 2009). Norwich University This is one of the few academic options which offer training in the field of disaster recovery and business continuity. The disaster recovery course which started in December 2008 is offered at the Norwich online school of Graduate studies under the Masters of Science in Business continuity program. Norwich University developed this program so as to increase the level of training in the disaster recovery field.Among the subject areas that it addresses are policies, systems and procedures that will help a company to carry on with its day to day operations even in the face of a disaster that threatens interruption. Being a military college, Norwich University seems like a natural setting for this program since the military is among the first organizations in the United S tates to initiate contingency planning. The MSBC program will help organizations to strengthen information assurance thereby enhancing business continuity (Larkin, 2008).The MSBC program seeks to help businesses adopt business continuity as a best practice, assessing all business aspects from information technology to supply chains. It will help our team learn how to identify weaknesses in the disaster recovery system. The fact that lessons in this program also involve learning directly from experts and analyzing case studies of those who have actually undergone business interruption at this point and this provides more adequate and relevant information which our disaster recovery planning team can then apply to our workplace.Learning from those who have undergone a disaster first hand is more beneficial than just learning theoretically. The program is provided online so our team members can learn from the comfort of their homes or in the office and as they learn, they apply it conc urrently to the workplace. This can be likened to on the job training, only the company is not providing the training directly. Furthermore, Norwich University is able to recruit instructors in diverse working in their different fields worldwide therefore its students benefit from a wide field of knowledge (Larkin, 2008). Boston University Metropolitan CollegeBoston University is another academic option which offers training in the field of disaster recovery and business continuity. The course is offered online in two distinct programs. One is offered as a Graduate Certificate in Risk Management and Organizational Continuity (RMOC) and the other is offered as a Masters of Science in Business Continuity and Emergency Management (MSBCEM). The graduate certificate program has been designed to help businesses come up with the best strategies to cope with the various calamities that may present themselves in the lifetime of the company (Boston University online, n.d). Students in the RMO C program are taught both proactive and reactive aspects of managing a crisis. The program covers preparedness planning, proper development of a business continuity plan among others. Students will also undergo a simulation of an emergency situation at the workplace and this will help them apply the theoretical concepts that they have learned in the duration of their coursework. Members of our planning team will be able to gain useful knowledge in business continuity.They will be able to gain valuable professional credentials. It is also possible for them to further their training by enrolling in the online Master of Science in specialty management which specializes in Business Continuity, Security & Risk Management. This course is offered to build on the graduate certificate RMOC program and students under the RMOC program can simply transfer their credits to MSBCEM program and complete it only by covering the eight core courses (Boston University Online, n. d).

The Founding Fathers Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2684 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Tags: Fatherhood Essay Did you like this example? What were the founding fathers main motivations when designing the US Constitution more than two centuries ago? What aspects of their design most and least impress you, and why? The United States Constitution is a 7,000 word document which established a national government and created three branches of that government. The three branches established were the legislative branch being Congress, an executive branch being the President and finally a judicial branch which was the Supreme Court. The Constitution was created by the Founding Fathers of the United States who saw the previous system of government, the Articles of Confederation, as weak and leaderless. I will discuss what I consider the main motivations of the Founding Fathers in creating the Constitution and why they created certain branches of government as they did, as well as the reasons why they created the Constitution in this way. I will then proceed to write about what aspects of the Constitution are good for the Government and the people of the United States and what aspects of the constitution could be improved upon. Alexander Hamilton drafted a report which was supported by James Madison that proposed that the thirteen states send delegates to a convention to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them necessary to render the constitution of the federal government adequate to the exigencies of the Union. Congress invited the states to send delegates to a convention in Philadelphia for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation and to render the federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government, and the preservation of the Union. Here were the beginnings of the Constitution, as the delegates quickly noticed problems with the original Articles of Confederation. The delegates were unhappy that there were laws which inflated the states currency and abolished debts. The absolution of these debts made the debtors influence s tate governments and push their minority interests onto the majority. The main problem with the Articles of Confederation, however, was that there was no executive or judiciary; therefore the states had no single person to look to in time of crisis or that rash decisions could be made, without the protection of rights. An example of this being in Pennsylvania where the Quakers lost the right to vote in elections due to a decision of the Pennsylvania legislature. The states were also seen as weak if they did not form a federal unity. This was described in the Federalist Papers, written by Publius which was actually a combination of works of Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, published in New York to make the case for the ratification of the new Constitution by the state conventions. In the papers they explain that if the states were acting separately they then could easily be picked on and taken over by European powers. Publius further maintains that if the states were fighting am ongst themselves, liberties would be at risk and they would be economically worse off. The states could also not protect themselves from internal revolutions without a national government to intervene, such as in the case of Shays rebellion in Massachusetts in 1786. A system of powerful government was consequently needed to put these issues to rest. As we have seen the Founding Fathers saw that the Articles of Confederation were not working and therefore needed a new form of government to take control. The Philadelphia convention was set up to deal with these issues. Various proposals were put forward including the Virginia plan which wanted a strong national government and the New Jersey Plan which wanted a weak national government, until they reached an agreement formally known as the Connecticut compromise. The First Article of the Constitution talks about the legislature. The larger states wanted representation based on population; the small states feared this would not give them a large enough voice within Congress to air their grievances. A compromise was reached that there would be two houses. These would be the House of Representatives which was based on population and the Senate which would have two representatives from each state no matter what the population of the state was. The small states were scared that the larger states would override them on decisions and therefore were worried that they would be in an insignificant position within the new form of government, so in demanding the Senate, they now saw they had an equal voice on legislation that they saw as unfair or did not like. The Founding Fathers saw that the legislature needed to be based on the representation of the people, as they saw that if the rulers right to rule depended on the approval of the people to be governed. The Founding Fathers also wanted the legislature to be responsive to the electorate. A direct election to the House of Representatives was seen as a good way for the people to have a voice. The fathers decided to have a representative on two year terms for every 40,000 people in the House of Representatives. They did not make the population smaller as it would become too divisive within the House and if the population was larger then it was assumed that the representative would lose his connection with the people he was meant to represent. The other part of Congress, the Senate, was split so that it would weaken the power of the legislature; the Senate was elected on a 6 year term and not elected directly but by the legislature of that state. This was so that quick reforms were not passed in the fever of the moment. As Publius asserts in the Federalist it did not want to give unreasonable advantageÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦to the sagacious, the enterprising, and the moneyed few, over the industrious and uninformed mass of people. As we have seen the Articles of Confederation were said to lack an executive to take decisive measures for the states as a whole. Article 2 sets out to address this problem. The executive was seen as a popularly elected monarch, however, one that could be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanours. This was enacted so that no one should be above justice. The Founding Fathers saw that the states needed someone to represent them abroad, so the President was given the power to make treaties, and oversee foreign relations. These were decisions which the Founding Fathers knew needed to be handled in a quick manner so they were handed to the President, as he was a single representative and could treat these matters with priority with little interference from other branches of government. The President had very little to do domestically, as it was decided that the legislature should handle these issues. He could veto legislation, and propose it, but domestically this was about as much as he could do. The Founding Fathers gave the President very little domestically as they were concerned that h e would destroy personal liberties as they perceived the monarch of Britain had done to the colonists. They also did not want him to be elected by rash decision making, so therefore the Founding Fathers decided on election by an electoral college. This was also to stop corruption within the system, as it was elected separately from the federal and state governments; it was subject to no influence from these institutions, thereby being completely independent. The Founding Fathers did this as they saw how easily influenced the executive could be by other parts of the government, as they believed in the British system. In the same manner the Founding Fathers also decided not to have members of Congress in executive positions, such as cabinet members. The Federalist states that this was to stop the executive undermining the legislature by lucrative appointments. They were motivated to keep the executive under control as they had seen how influential the monarch of Britain had been, and how his rash decisions immediately affected the colonists lives. By making the executive as weak as they had done, they hoped to undermine his power. Article 3 expresses the role of the Judiciary within the frame of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was said to interpret and defend the supreme law of the land which was the Constitution. Article 3 states that the Judicial power shall extend to all casesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦arising under this Constitution. The Supreme Court case of Marbury vs. Madison clarified the powers of the Court. It was held that Article 3 of the Constitution implies that the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. It has been argued that this was intended by the Virginia Plan. The Founding Fathers also decided to elect the justices for life, although this caused concern for some but they were reassured by Madison who stated that they will have lack of access to either the sword or the purse He also claimed it would be the least dangerous branch since it could only interpret the Constitution and the people, if they felt strongly about the issue and could amend it as they saw fit. The Founding Fathers saw the Supreme Court as the ultimate protector of the Constitution and therefore saw it was needed not only to strike down legislation that conflicted with the Constitution but to protect the liberties of the people it was meant to protect. Another main motivation of the Founding Fathers was the separation of powers and to constitute checks and balances between the branches of government. The separation of powers dispersed powers of the government into different areas making it difficult for one to control the other. This was provided for by the Founding Fathers so as to stop one system of government becoming tyrannical and effectively taking over the government. It forced Congress and the President to agree on policies, therefore stopping one or the other from becoming too powerful. The checks and balances were sai d to make every branch superior and inferior to one another. The separation of powers and checks and balances are one of the aspects which least impress me about the Constitution, although it has served well in some aspects which will be explained later. The reason is the checks and balances system can lead to gridlock if there is not agreement between the institutions of government. A good example of this was when President George W Bush wanted to expand the social security programme; he could not pass the legislation as Republicans were scared of losing their seats if they voted for it. The weakening of political party ties in government has made the gaining of support for the Presidential proposals hard. This means it can take years for reforms to be passed such as the case with healthcare, although some reforms were eventually passed recently. It faced much opposition from a well placed minority within the branches of government as seen when Bill Clinton was President. When Cong ress and the President are members of different parties, the President can become a lame duck President and as government becomes a stalemate, the country has almost no legislation passed apart from on rare occasions when Congress and the President compromise. The separation of powers was best summed up by the Committee on the Constitutional System and Body of Political Reforms: Separation of powers, as a principle of constitutional structure, has served us well in preventing tyranny and the abuse of high office, but it has done so by encouraging confrontation, indecision and deadlock, and by diffusing accountability for the results. Because the separation of powers encourages conflict between the branches and because the parties are weak, the capacity of the federal government to fashion, enact and administer coherent public policy has diminished and the ability of elected officials to avoid accountability for governmental failures has grown The separation of powers and check s and balances has been extremely effective at stopping tyranny, almost too effective as it has been a massive nuisance to government in passing legislation and getting reforms passed if the different branches of government do not agree on certain issues. Another aspect which least impresses me about the Constitution is the position of the Supreme Court which is due to the power of the President to make judicial appointments. This means that the Supreme Court can have a long lasting bias as where a conservative President appoints conservative Supreme Court justices who are likely to follow their conservative bias in reaching decisions. Since the justices are life serving they can hamper decisions made by Congress or the states. This can be seen in such divisive issues such as slavery, abortion, gun control and even the election of the President in 2000. They can deem certain legislation unconstitutional which blocks progress within the United States even if the majority of citize ns want it. Another issue that least impresses me about the Constitution is the Electoral College. The Electoral College hampers the concept of one person one vote, as the form of the Electoral College cancels out all the other votes if the state is won by another party. It also creates problems in elections as candidates have to campaign to not obtain the most votes, but to capture the most states. For instance Al Gore did not want to alienate the states of Pennsylvania and Michigan so decided not to air his views on strong gun control. Another weakness is the power of amendment in the Constitution. This is the very opposite of democracy in my view as thirteen states that represent less than 5% of the population can block constitutional amendments. This is due to Article 5 of the Constitution which provides that amendments must be ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof. The aspect of the Constitution which most impresses me is the fact that it is the worlds oldest surviving constitution and that it still provides a workable constitution in the context of the modern United States. Hugh Brogan says that this may be because if the majority do truly want change within the system they can bring it about through amendments. What also impresses me is that it has a Bill of Rights which enshrines peoples rights and expresses that certain human rights are inalienable rights which cannot be taken away from them. It was one of the first constitutions to give recognition to the natural rights of its citizens. It took the British government until the election of Labour in 1997 to see these rights needed to be put into law in the shape of the Human Rights Act 1998. The fact that the Founding Fathers saw human rights as an issue almost 200 years ago made immigrants flock to the country and let their religions thrive as they were being persecuted in their homelands. The Constitution also i mpresses me by the fact that it looked after the minority rights of its citizens and through the separation of powers and checks and balances, made sure that minorities in the country were not being oppressed and could air their grievances in a number of departments and not just one. Therefore the Constitution prevents tyranny within the system by creating a strong national government which could overrule state governments which fell under single interests, such as the case of Brown v. Board of Education where the Supreme Court declared segregation illegal in public schools. The United States Constitution is the longest surviving constitution in the world, it has stood the test of time and has adapted to changes around it, as long as the majority see it as necessary to change it. It has been seen as a fair constitution which does not single out one group of people, but accepts them all and gives people certain inalienable rights. The Constitution could be seen as a good precedent for other countries to follow but, however, this not seems to be the case. As Paul Johnson states certain countries seem to have completely ignored the American example with disastrous consequences, such as in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and the Central African Federation. Maybe if they had followed US constitutional ideals, which although not perfect, they would have been more successful as societies. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Founding Fathers Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order